Effect of Mode Competition in Elliptical Aperture VCSELs Under PAM4 Modulation
Year: 2026
Authors: Rimoldi C., Novarese M., Minelli L., Casasco M., Shao T., Garcna SR., Gaudino R., Ferrero V., Gioannini M.
Autors Affiliation: CNR, INO, Ist Nazl Ottica, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Politecn Torino, Dipartimento Elettron & Telecomunicaz, I-10129 Turin, Italy; Cisco Opt, D-90411 Nurnberg, Germany.
Abstract: We analyze the noise performance of multimode VCSELs under PAM4 modulation. For the first time, we develop a method that allows us to isolate the contribution of the modulation current from the overall Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) spectrum. As a result, we show that peaks in the RIN persist under modulation and can impact both noise performances and the Transmitter and Dispersion Eye Closure Quaternary (TDECQ) metrics.
Journal/Review: IEEE PHOTONICS JOURNAL
Volume: 18 (4) Pages from: 1502008-1 to: 1502008-8
More Information: The work of Cristina Rimoldi was supported by MUQUABIS Project, EU HORIZON-CL4-2021-DIGITAL-EMERGING-01, under Grant Agreement n.101070546. This work was supported by the European Union under the Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) of Next Generation EU, partnership on Telecommunications of the Future (PE00000001-program RESTART). (Corresponding author: Mariangela Gioanniniemai.)KeyWords: Modulation; Modeling; Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers; Current; Bandwidth; Noise; Frequency; Lasers; Receivers; Measurement; Semiconductor lasers; VCSELs; four-wave mixing; PAM4 modulation; RIN; TDECQDOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2026.3710293
